Flux-Enhanced
Rubies & Sapphires is an account of the author's firsthand
experiences in heat-treating rubies-sapphires with flux and
additives in his thermo-chemical laboratory.
This book
provides a better understanding of the effect of flux on rubies
and sapphires and their associated enhancement of clarity, color,
luster and general overall appearance. Details on the most commonly
used fluxes and the methodologies applied to the heat treatment
processes are revealed.
Packed with
over 110 color photos offering invaluable visual support to
the carefully documented text; stones before and after flux
treatment, equipment, inclusions, characteristics and other
features.
This publication
has been designed to educate the reader on the flux process
applied to rubies and sapphires from the practical stand point.
Hopefully this work will prevent misunderstandings, misconceptions
and myths about flux-enhanced gemstones. Instead, a feast of
accurate facts which are sure to assist jewelers, gem traders,
gemologists and just about everyone in the gem and jewelry business.
To avoid costly mistakes, formulate disclosure policy and maintain
good customer relations…. You've come to the right place.
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Borax
and silica are common additives in heating ruby-sapphire.

Ted
cooking rubies in a Thai oxy-gas combustion furnace.

Mong-Hsu
rubies before (left) and after (right) heated by Ted with flux and
other additives.

Examining
filling features in an alumina groove devised by Ted.

Flux in
a sapphire treated by Ted.

Flux-enhanced
ruby from Mong-Hsu showing surface-reaching fissures and other features.

Diagmam
showing some clarity imperfections in ruby-sapphire.

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REVIEW:
Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 2 , April 2004
" The
book describes the processes involved in the heat treatment of rubies
and sapphires. This is very nearly a step-by-step recipe for the treatment
as all stages are illustrated on each side of the text which occupies
the centre of each page. The all-colour illustrations and the strong
red page headers make the book seem quite aggressive and the effect
is memorable.
The text is, too, or should be as this is probably the best account
so far of this type of treatment. Several authorities are cited and
the dangers of doing it yourself are emphasized in a general disclaimer.
There is a glossary and a short bibliography. The final part of the
text deals with identifying treatment of this kind: disclosure and
market value are also briefly discussed. Questions and answers cover
several of the areas which gemologists could well study. M.O'D" |
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REVIEW:
AUSTRALIAN GEMMOLOGIST, Vol. 22, Number 2, April-June 2003
"In this well illustrated,
48-page soft cover, one of world's pioneering heat treaters of ruby
and sapphire, Ted Themelis, ‘lifts the lid' on some of the basics
of this colour and clarity enhancement process. The information
offered by Mr. Themelis is most welcome--particularly
as it emphasises the complex role that fluxes of various type play
in the heat treatment (flux enhancement) regime for ruby and sapphire.
Following a couple of introductory
pages that cover the historical background of heat treating corundum,
and questions and answers with respect to flux treatment of ruby
and sapphire, the author's first major topic of discussion is the
role flux plays in enhancing the appearance of a heat treated corundum.
Six pages of text are then devoted to brief descriptions of the
various fluxes that are and have been used in this heat treatment
process. A useful description of how ruby and sapphire are prepared
for heat treatment then precedes an informative description of the
heat treatment process. Next, how acid is used to remove tell-tale
flux glass residue from filled or partly filled surface-reaching
fractures is described and illustrated in some detail. This is important
information, for this commercially important step in the heat treatment
process is rarely described in the gemological literature. The little-appreciated
topic of silica contamination of heat treated corundum follows,
and possible causes for this potentially troublesome contamination
are suggested. By far the major part of the text of this book (pages
22 – 37) have been devoted to well illustrated descriptions of the
features of flux-enhanced rubies and sapphires from Mong Hsu and
Mogok (Myanmar), Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and several East Africa countries.
Some illustrated comments on the features of synthetic flux grown
corundum complete this part of the book. Gemmologists and gemology
students will find the author's detailed illustrated description
of the fissure filling process in corundum (p. 26) most educational.
Useful descriptions of flux glass infillings of surface cavities,
and surface alterations due to the flux based heat treatment are
then provided. The text of this very informative small book is completed
by short descriptions of how to grade flux filled surface-reaching
fractures, the stability of flux-enhanced rubies and sapphires,
the comparative market value of heat treated v unheat treated rubies
and sapphires, problems and recommendations associated with disclosure
of this treatment and finally a Summary & Conclusion that specifies
the identifying features of this treatment.
As a book 'designed to educate the reader on
flux process applied to rubies and sapphires from the practical
standpoint', this book certainly succeeds; for its content is as
unique and it is useful. Thank you Ted for ‘lifting the lid' on
this long used and occasionally contentions value enhancement process
for ruby and sapphire. Ed."
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ERRATA
Page 10, left column, para 3, line 2-3: "This
chemical produced oxygen at the anode and hydrogen in the cathode"
does not pertain directly to the issues and it should be deleted.
It was a computer glitch during the typesetting process, not caught
in the final editing process. Apologies..
Page 10, right column, para 1, line 2: "ammonium chlorite"
should be "ammonium chloride"
Page 10, right column, para 2, line 1: "Aluminum fluorite"
should be "Aluminum fluoride"
Page 11, left column, para 1, line 3 and para 2, line 1: "anhydrous-chromium
(CrO6)" should be "chromic anhydride (CrO3)"
Page 13, left column, para 5, line 3: "alumina nitrate"
should be "aluminum nitrate"
IMPORTANT NOTE:
The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registration number following
the chemical formula of the chemicals described in this work is
printed correctly, so the above typographic errors are immediately
realized.
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TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Background,
questions & answers……………………...…… 4-5
Introduction, cavities & fissures………………………....…… 6-7
Fluxes and additives…………………………………..….… 8-13
Preparation for heat treatment…………………………….. 14-15
Heat-treatment process…………………………………… 16-17
Acid cleaning process…………………………………….. 18-19
Silica contamination………………………………………. 20-21
Features in flux-enhanced Mong-Hsu rubies.........................
22-27
Features in flux-enhanced Mogok Rubies & sapphires…...... 28-31
Features in selected flux-enhanced rubies & sapphires..........
32-36
Features in synthetic flux-grown corundums...............................
37
Surface cavity fillings............................................................
38-39
Surface abnormalities ..........................................................
40-41
Grading surface-reaching fissures...............................................
42
Stability of the flux-enhanced rubies & sapphires........................
43
Market Value............................................................................
44
Disclosure.................................................................................
45
Summary and conclusions....................................................
46-47
Glossary and selected references...............................................
48
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